With the advent of decentralization technologies (e.g., bicycles, trains, cars, etc.), American settlements reversed this trend before reaching their saturation point, with vast farmlands managed by homesteads located dozens of miles away from the nearest settlement lower-income communities occupied the "centre" as the middle-income and upper-income migrated into suburbia. In Europe, centuries-old settlements were surrounded by farmland and tended not to be wider than 30 minutes' walk from one end to the other, with wealthier people monopolising the "town centre", and poorer people living on the town's outskirts or nearby countryside (the "sphere of influence"). The term was used without comment by the geographer Brian Roberts in 1972.
The term is also used in the planning system for the UK and for some other countries such as Ireland, India, and Switzerland. The term is used by landscape historians and in the National Curriculum for England. A settlement hierarchy is a way of arranging settlements into a hierarchy based upon their population or some other criteria.
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